Ika Kurniawati Khasanah / 2201409032
Rombel 03
Assignment 6
CODE SWITCHING
Definition
of Code Switching
Code switching is defined as the
practice of selecting or altering linguistic elements so as to contextualize
talk in interaction. Then, by 1982, Gumperz’s preferred terminology was
conversational code switching. (the description and definition of conversational
code switching was, however, largely in terms of metaphorical switching, that
is the use of two language varieties within a single social setting.
“Conversational code switching can be defined as the juxtaposition within the
same speech exchange of passages of speech belonging to two different
grammatical system or subsystem” (Gumperz, 1982:59).
Wardhaugh (1986:102-103) states
that there are two kinds of code switching, namely situational and metaphorical
code switching. Situational code switching occurs when the language change
according to the situational in which the conversations find themselves; they
speak one language in one situational and other in a different one and no topic
changes. Metaphorical code switching is a change of topic requires a change of
language used when the topic changes.
Bloom and Gumperz (in Wardhaugh,
1986:105) state that situational code switching occurs when a teacher gives
some kinds of formal lecture. Metaphorical code switching is more complicated
phenomena.
Types
of Code Switching
1.
Inter-sentential
switching occurs outside
the sentence or the clause level (i.e. at sentence or clause boundaries). It is
sometimes called "extrasentential" switching.
Appel and Muyske in Susanto (2008:48) stated that inter-sentential switching
is the switch involving movement from one language to other between sentences.
2.
Intra-sentential switching occurs within
a sentence or a clause.
3. Tag-switching is the switching of either a tag phrase or a word, or both, from language-B to language-A.
Functions of Code Switching
Bloom and Gumperz in Susanto
(2008:70-73) states there are seven functions of code switching. They are as
follows:
1. To serve a quotation
It recites
another person’s speech and reports it in conversation.
2. As an interjection
It
includes exclamations or sentence fillers such as nah, lha, lho, and tag question.
3. To mark personality and
objectification
It is used
to express a degree of emotional involvement
by the speaker in the message: the use of language A is more
personalized, while language B reflects more distance (Gumperz in Susanto,
2008:71)
4. To clarify or qualify a message
This is
usually influenced by the speaker’s understanding of a particular topic of
conversation.
5. To specify an addressee
6. The purpose of this switching is
usually to notify the interlocutor that the speaker isinviting him/her to
participate the conversation.
7. To reiterate
Code
switching is sometimes used to reiterate what just been said by the speaker. It
purposes to clarify and emphasize the message (Susanto, 2008:74).
Sources
http://www.wikipedia.org
